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RABL

Continuous Integration status Code Climate

RABL (Ruby API Builder Language) is a Rails and Padrino ruby templating system for generating JSON, XML, MessagePack, PList and BSON. When using the ActiveRecord 'to_json' method, I find myself wanting a more expressive and powerful solution for generating APIs. This is especially true when the JSON representation is complex or doesn't match the exact schema defined within the database.

In particular, I want to easily:

  • Create arbitrary nodes named based on combining data in an object
  • Pass arguments to methods and store the result as a child node
  • Render partial templates and inherit to reduce code duplication
  • Rename or alias attributes to change the name from the model
  • Append attributes from a child into a parent node
  • Include nodes only if a certain condition has been met

Anyone who has tried the 'to_json' method used in ActiveRecord for generating a JSON response has felt the pain of this restrictive approach. RABL is a general templating system created to solve these problems by approaching API response generation in an entirely new way.

RABL at the core is all about adhering to MVC principles by deferring API data representations to the view layer of your application. For a breakdown of common misconceptions about RABL, please check out our guide to understanding RABL which can help clear up any confusion about this project.

Breaking Changes

  • v0.9.0 (released Oct 14, 2013) changes the default node name for certain associations especially around STI models. You might want to verify for any breakages as a result and be more explicit by specifying an alias i.e @users => :users

  • v0.8.0 (released Feb 14, 2013) removes multi_json dependency and relies on Oj (or JSON) as the json parser. Simplifies code, removes a dependency but you might want to remove any references to MultiJson.

  • v0.6.14 (released June 28, 2012) requires the use of render_views with RSpec to test templates. Otherwise, the controller will simply pass through the render command as it does with ERB templates.

Installation

Install RABL as a gem:

gem install rabl

or add to your Gemfile:

# Gemfile
gem 'rabl'
# Also add either `oj` or `yajl-ruby` as the JSON parser
# If using `oj`, Rabl will set the mode to :compat
gem 'oj'

and run bundle install to install the dependency.

If you are using Rails 2.3.8 (and up), Rails 3.X or Padrino, RABL works without configuration.

Important: With Padrino, be sure that the rabl gem is listed after the padrino gem in your Gemfile, otherwise Rabl will not register properly as a template engine.

With Sinatra, or any other tilt-based framework, simply register:

Rabl.register!

and RABL will be initialized and ready for use. For usage with Sinatra, check out the Sinatra Usage guide.

Overview

You can use RABL to generate JSON and XML based APIs from any ruby object. With RABL, the data typically is derived primarily from models (ORM-agnostic) and the representation of the API output is described within a view template using a simple ruby DSL. This allows you to keep your data separated from the JSON or XML you wish to output.

Once you have installed RABL (explained above), you can construct a RABL view template and then render the template from your Sinatra, Padrino or Rails applications from the controller (or route) very easily. Using Padrino as an example, assuming you have a Post model filled with blog posts, you can render an API representation (both JSON and XML) by creating a route:

# app/app.rb
get "/posts", :provides => [:json, :xml] do
  @user = current_user
  @posts = Post.order("id DESC")
  render "posts/index"
end

Then we can create the following RABL template to express the API output of @posts:

# app/views/posts/index.rabl
collection @posts
attributes :id, :title, :subject
child(:user) { attributes :full_name }
node(:read) { |post| post.read_by?(@user) }

Which would output the following JSON or XML when visiting http://localhost:3000/posts.json

[{  "post" :
  {
    "id" : 5, "title": "...", "subject": "...",
    "user" : { "full_name" : "..." },
    "read" : true
  }
}]

That's a basic overview but there is a lot more to see such as partials, inheritance, custom nodes, etc. Read the full details of RABL below.

Configuration

RABL is intended to require little to no configuration to get working. This is the case in most scenarios, but depending on your needs you may want to set the following global configurations in your application (this block is completely optional):

# config/initializers/rabl_init.rb
require 'rabl'
Rabl.configure do |config|
  # Commented as these are defaults
  # config.cache_all_output = false
  # config.cache_sources = Rails.env != 'development' # Defaults to false
  # config.cache_engine = Rabl::CacheEngine.new # Defaults to Rails cache
  # config.perform_caching = false
  # config.escape_all_output = false
  # config.json_engine = nil # Class with #dump class method (defaults JSON)
  # config.msgpack_engine = nil # Defaults to ::MessagePack
  # config.bson_engine = nil # Defaults to ::BSON
  # config.plist_engine = nil # Defaults to ::Plist::Emit
  # config.include_json_root = true
  # config.include_msgpack_root = true
  # config.include_bson_root = true
  # config.include_plist_root = true
  # config.include_xml_root  = false
  # config.include_child_root = true
  # config.enable_json_callbacks = false
  # config.xml_options = { :dasherize  => true, :skip_types => false }
  # config.view_paths = []
  # config.raise_on_missing_attribute = true # Defaults to false
  # config.replace_nil_values_with_empty_strings = true # Defaults to false
  # config.replace_empty_string_values_with_nil_values = true # Defaults to false
  # config.exclude_nil_values = true # Defaults to false
  # config.exclude_empty_values_in_collections = true # Defaults to false
  # config.camelize_keys = :upper # Defaults to false
end

Each option specifies behavior related to RABL's output.

If include_json_root is disabled that removes the root node for each root object in the output, and enable_json_callbacks enables support for 'jsonp' style callback output if the incoming request has a 'callback' parameter.

If include_child_root is set to false then child objects in the response will not include a root node by default. This allows you to further fine-tune your desired response structure.

If cache_engine is set, you should assign it to a class with a fetch method. See the default engine for an example.

If perform_caching is set to true then it will perform caching. You can ignore this option if you are using Rails, it's same to Rails config.action_controller.perform_caching

If cache_sources is set to true, template lookups will be cached for improved performance. The cache can be reset manually by running Rabl.reset_source_cache! within your application.

If cache_all_output is set to true, every template including each individual template used as part of a collection will be cached separately. Additionally, anything within child, glue and partial will also be cached separately. To cache just a single template, see the section titled 'Caching' below.

If escape_all_output is set to true and ActiveSupport is available, attribute output will be escaped using ERB::Util.html_escape.

If view_paths is set to a path, this view path will be checked for every rabl template within your application. Add to this path especially when including Rabl in an engine and using view paths within a another Rails app.

If raise_on_missing_attribute is set to true, a RuntimeError will be raised whenever Rabl attempts to render an attribute that does not exist. Otherwise, the attribute will simply be omitted. Setting this to true during development may help increase the robustness of your code, but using true in production code is not recommended.

If replace_nil_values_with_empty_strings is set to true, all values that are nil and would normally be displayed as null in the response are converted to empty strings.

If exclude_nil_values is set to true, all values that are nil and would normally be displayed as null in the response are not included in the response.

if exclude_empty_values_in_collections is set to true, all values in a collection that are {} and would normally be displayed as {} in the response are not included in the response.

If camelize_keys is set to true, all object keys will be converted to camel case. By default the first character will be lower case. The value can be set to :upper to set the first character to upper case.

If you wish to use oj as the primary JSON encoding engine simply add that to your Gemfile:

# Gemfile
gem 'oj'

and RABL will use that engine automatically for encoding your JSON responses. Set your own custom json_engine which define a dump or encode method for converting to JSON from ruby data:

config.json_engine = ActiveSupport::JSON

Format Configuration

RABL supports configuration for MessagePack, BSON, and Plist. Check the Format Configuration page for more details.

Usage

Object Assignment

To declare the data object for use in the template:

# app/views/users/show.json.rabl
object @user

or specify an alias for the object:

object @user => :person
# => { "person" : { ... } }

or pass a collection of objects:

collection @users
# => [ { "user" : { ... } } ]

or specify a root node label for the collection:

collection @users => :people
# => { "people" : [ { "person" : { ... } } ] }

or even specify both the child and root labels for a collection:

collection @users, :root => "people", :object_root => "user"
# => { "people" : [ { "user" : { ... } } ] }

and this will be used as the default data for the rendering, or disable the object root explicitly:

collection @users, :root => "people", :object_root => false
# => { "people" : [ { ... }, { ... } ] }

There can also be odd cases where the root-level of the response doesn't map directly to any object:

object false
node(:some_count) { |m| @user.posts.count }
child(@user) { attribute :name }

In those cases, object can be assigned to 'false' and nodes can be constructed free-form.

Attributes

Basic usage of the templater to define a few simple attributes for the response:

# app/views/users/show.json.rabl
attributes :id, :foo, :bar

or use with aliased attributes:

# Take the value of model attribute `foo` and name the node `bar`
attribute :foo => :bar
# => { bar : 5 }

or even multiple aliased attributes:

attributes :bar => :baz, :dog => :animal
# => # { baz : <bar value>, animal : <dog value> }

or show attributes only if a condition is true:

# m is the object being rendered, also supports :unless
attributes :foo, :bar, :if => lambda { |m| m.condition? }

Named and aliased attributes can not be combined on the same line. This currently does not work:

attributes :foo, :bar => :baz # throws exception

in such cases, you need to specify attributes twice.

attributes :foo
attributes :bar => :baz

Child Nodes

Often a response requires including nested information from data associated with the parent model:

child :address do
  attributes :street, :city, :zip, :state
end

You can also disable object root for child node:

child :posts, :object_root => false do
  attributes :id, :title
end

You can also add child nodes from an arbitrary data source:

child @posts => :foobar do
  attributes :id, :title
end

or use model associations with an alias:

# Renders all the 'posts' association
# from the model into a node called 'foobar'
child :posts => :foobar do
  attributes :id, :title
end

You can also pass in the current object:

object @user
child :posts do |user|
  attribute :title unless user.suspended?
end

Gluing Attributes

You can also append child attributes back to the root node:

# Appends post_id and post_name to parent json object
glue @post do
  attributes :id => :post_id, :name => :post_name
end

Use glue to add additional attributes to the parent object.

You can also pass in the current object:

object @user
glue(@post) {|user| attribute :title if user.active? }

Custom Nodes

This will generate a json response based on the result of the node block:

# app/views/users/show.json.rabl
node :full_name do |u|
  u.first_name + " " + u.last_name
end

or don't pass a name and have the node block merged into the response:

node do |u|
  { :full_name => u.first_name + " " + u.last_name }
  # => { full_name : "Bob Johnson" }
end

You can use custom nodes like these to create flexible representations of a value utilizing all the data from the model.

Partials

Often you need to access other data objects in order to construct custom nodes in more complex associations. You can get access to the rabl representation of another data object by rendering a RABL partial:

node :location do
  { :city => @city, :address => partial("users/address", :object => @address) }
end

or even access an object associated with the parent model:

node :location do |m|
  { :city => m.city, :address => partial("users/address", :object => m.address) }
end

You can use this method to construct arbitrarily complex nodes for your APIs. Note that you need to have RABL templates defined for each of the objects you wish to construct representations for in this manner.

Inheritance

Another common issue of many template builders is unnecessary code redundancy. Typically many representations of an object across multiple endpoints share common attributes or nodes. The nodes for a 'post' object are probably the same or similar in most references throughout the various endpoints.

RABL has the ability to extend other "base" rabl templates and additional attributes:

# app/views/users/advanced.json.rabl
extends "users/base" # another RABL template in "app/views/users/base.json.rabl"

node :can_drink do |m|
  m.age > 21
end

You can also extend other rabl templates while constructing child nodes to reduce duplication:

# app/views/users/show.json.rabl
child @address do
  extends "address/item"
end

Using partials and inheritance can significantly reduce code duplication in your templates.

You can see more examples on the Reusing Templates wiki page.

Passing Locals in Partials

You can pass an arbitrary set of locals when rendering partials or extending templates. For example, if we want to show on posts/:id.json any information regarding particular post and associated comments but in other cases we want to hide those comments. We can use locals to do this:

# app/views/posts/index.json.rabl
collection @posts

extends('posts/show', :locals => { :hide_comments => true })
# or using partial instead of extends
# node(false) { |post| partial('posts/show', :object => :post, :locals => { :hide_comments => true })}

and then access locals in the sub-template:

# app/views/posts/show.json.rabl
object @post

attributes :id, :title, :body, :created_at
node(:comments) { |post| post.comments } unless locals[:hide_comments]

This can be useful as an advanced tool when extending or rendering partials.

Conditions

You can provide conditions to all kinds of nodes, attributes, extends, etc. which includes a given element only if the specified condition is true.

collection @posts
# m is the object being rendered, also supports :unless
node(:coolness, :if => lambda { |m| m.coolness > 5 }) do |m|
  m.coolness
end

Because attributes take conditional options as well, we could simplify the example with:

collection @posts
# m is the object being rendered, also supports :unless
attribute(:coolness, :if => lambda { |m| m.coolness > 5 })

The value for the :if and :unless options may be a simple Boolean, Proc or a Symbol. If it is a Symbol and the specific @object responds to its, the method will be called. Thus the example above can be rewritten as:

class Post
  def cool?
    coolness > 5
  end
end

and then:

collection @posts
attribute :coolness, if: :cool?

Using conditions allows for easy control over when certain elements render.

Template Scope

In RABL, you have access to everything you need to build an API response. Each RABL template has full access to the controllers instance variables as well as all view helpers and routing urls.

# app/some/template.rabl
object @post
# Access instance variables
child(@user => :user) { ... }
# or Rails helpers
node(:formatted_body) { |post| simple_format(post.body) }

There should be no problem fetching the appropriate data to construct a response.

Deep Nesting

In APIs, you can often need to construct 2nd or 3rd level nodes. Let's suppose we have a 'quiz' model that has many 'questions' and then each question has many 'answers'. We can display this hierarchy in RABL quite easily:

# app/views/quizzes/show.json.rabl
object @quiz
attribute :title
child :questions do
  attribute :caption
  child :answers do
    # Use inheritance to reduce duplication
    extends "answers/item"
  end
end

This will display the quiz object with nested questions and answers as you would expect with a quiz node, and embedded questions and answers. Note that RABL can be nested arbitrarily deep within child nodes to allow for these representations to be defined.

Caching

RABL has built-in caching support for templates leveraging fragment caching strategies. Note that caching is currently only available for Rails but support for other frameworks is planned in a future release. Simplest caching usage is:

# app/views/users/show.json.rabl
object @quiz
cache @quiz # key = rabl/quiz/[cache_key]
attribute :title

Caching can significantly speed up the rendering of RABL templates in production and is strongly recommended when possible. For more a more detailed look at caching, check out the Caching guide on the wiki.

Rendering Templates Directly

There are situations where an application requires RABL templates to be rendered outside a traditional view context. For instance, to render RABL within a Rake task or to create message queue payloads. For this case, Rabl.render can be used as show below:

Rabl.render(object, template, :view_path => 'app/views', :format => :json) #=> "{...json...}"

You can use convenience methods on Rabl::Renderer to render the objects as well:

Rabl::Renderer.json(@post, 'posts/show')
Rabl::Renderer.xml(@post, 'posts/show')

These methods allow RABL to be used for arbitrary conversions of an object into a desired format.

Rabl::Renderer.new('posts/show', @post, :view_path => 'app/views', :format => 'hash').render

You can also pass in other instance variables to be used in your template as:

Rabl::Renderer.new('posts/show', @post, :locals => { :custom_title => "Hello world!" })

Then, in your template, you can use locals[:custom_title] as:

attribute :content
node(:title) { locals[:custom_title] }

Content Type Headers

Currently in RABL, the content-type of your response is not set automatically. This is because RABL is intended to work for any Rack-based framework and as agnostic to format as possible. Check this issue for more details, and if you have any ideas or patches please let me know.

In the meantime, be sure to set the proper content-types if needed. This is usually pretty simple in both Rails and Padrino. I recommend a before_filter on that controller or directly specified in an action.

Resources

There are many resources available relating to RABL including the RABL Wiki, and many tutorials and guides detailed below. You can check out the RABL Site as well.

Advanced Usage

Links to resources for advanced usage:

Please add your own usages and let me know so we can add them here! Also be sure to check out the RABL Wiki for other usages.

Tutorials

Tutorials can always be helpful when first getting started:

Let me know if there's any other useful resources not listed here.

Related Libraries

There are other libraries that can either complement or extend the functionality of RABL:

  • versioncake - Excellent library for easily versioning your RABL APIs
  • gon - Exposes your Rails variables in JS with RABL support integrated.
  • rabl-rails - Reimplementation for RABL and Rails focused on speed.

Let me know if there's any other related libraries not listed here.

Troubleshooting

Examples

See the examples directory.

Issues

Check out the Issues tab for a full list:

  • Rigorous benchmarking and performance optimizations

Authors and Contributors

Active Maintainers:

Thanks to Miso for allowing me to create this for our applications and release this project!

and many more contributors listed in the CHANGELOG.

Want to contribute support for another format? Check out the patches for msgpack support, plist support and BSON support for reference.

Please fork and contribute, any help in making this project better is appreciated!

This project is a member of the OSS Manifesto.

Inspirations

There are a few excellent libraries that helped inspire RABL and they are listed below:

Thanks again for all of these great projects.

Copyright

Copyright © 2011-2013 Nathan Esquenazi. See MIT-LICENSE for details.