[v24.2.x] Fixed checking if append_entries_request batches are already present in follower log

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport #25018 to branch v24.2.x. This issue was created as a placeholder because the original PR's commit(s) could not be automatically cherry-picked.
Here are the commands to execute:

git checkout v24.2.x
git checkout -b manual-backport-25018-v24.2.x-881
git cherry-pick -x 0d029cfd84 edd55dcf23 bd47cd93a2 e2ec0352df 9627077942 59e43a7c31

git push origin manual-backport-25018-v24.2.x-881
gh pr create \
  --title "[v24.2.x] Fixed checking if `append_entries_request` batches are already present in follower log" \
  --base "v24.2.x" \
  --label "kind/backport" \
  --head "manual-backport-25018-v24.2.x-881" \
  --draft \
  --repo "redpanda-data/redpanda" \
  --milestone "v24.2.x-next" \
  --body "Backport of PR https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/25018 "

JIRA Link: [CORE-9132](https://redpandadata.atlassian.net/browse/CORE-9132)