feat(cat-gateway): Chain sync V2 - part 2

[stevenj]

Description

Part 2 of the chain sync V2 implementation and catalyst gateway refactor.

Fixes Cip36 indexing issues, and other small changes around improving testability and error reporting.

Please confirm the following checks

• My code follows the style guidelines of this project
• I have performed a self-review of my code
• I have commented my code, particularly in hard-to-understand areas
• I have made corresponding changes to the documentation
• My changes generate no new warnings
• I have added tests that prove my fix is effective or that my feature works
• New and existing unit tests pass locally with my changes
• Any dependent changes have been merged and published in downstream module

[github-actions]

✅ Test Report | ${\color{lightgreen}Pass: 208/208}$ | ${\color{red}Fail: 0/208}$ |